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Synthesis of bioglass
Up to now, various methods have been developed for the synthesis of bioglass and its composites including conventional melt quench, sol-gel, flame synthesis and microwave irradiation. Bioglass synthesis has been reviewed by various groups. In this section we will majorly focus on sol-gel synthesis of bioglass composites, which is the highly efficient technique for bio glass composites for tissue engineering applications.
== Melt Quench Synthesis ==
The first bioactive glass was developed by Hench in 1969 through melting mixture of the related oxide precursors at relatively high temperatures. The original bioactive glass was melt-derived (46.1 mol%, SiO2, 24.4 mol%, Na2O, 26.9 mol% CaO, and 2.6 mol% P2O5) and was named Bioglass®.The choice of the glass composition for a specific application should be based on a firm knowledge on the influence of all major components on the most relevant properties of the glass with regard to both the final use and the manufacture of the product. Despite extensive research during the past 40 years, only a few glass compositions have been accepted for clinical use. The two US Food and Drug Administration FDA approved melt-derived compositions 45S5 and S53P4 consist of four oxides, SiO2, Na2O, CaO and P2O5 ,.〔Hench, L.L. & Paschall, H.A. (1973) Direct chemical bond of bioactive glass-ceramic materials to bone and muscle, J Biomed Mater Res, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 25-42.〕〔Andersson, O.H., Karlsson, K.H., Kangasniemi, K. & Xli-Urpo, A. (1988). Models for physical properties and bioactivity of phosphate opal glasses. Glastechnische Berichte, 61(10):300-305.〕 In general, a great number of elements can be dissolved in glasses. The effect of Al2O3, B2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, Li2O, K2O, CaF2 and TiO2 on the in vitro or in vivo properties of certain compositions of bioactive glasses has been reported.〔Andersson, Ö.H., Liu, G., Karlsson, K.H., Niemi, L., Miettinen, J. & Juhanoja, J. (1990) 'In vivo behaviour of glasses in the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Al2O3-B2O3 system', Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1(4): 219-227.〕〔W.C.A. Vrouwenvelder, C.G. Groot, K. Degroot, Better histology and biochemistry for osteoblasts cultured on titanium doped bioactive glass — Bioglass 45S5 com- pared with iron-containing, titanium-containing, fluorine containing and boron-containing bioactive glasses, Biomaterials 15 (1994) 97–106.〕〔Brink M, Turunen T, Happonen R-P, Yli-Urpo A. Compositional dependence of bioactivity of glasses in the system Na2O-K2O-MgO-CaO-B2O3-P2O5-SiO2. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;37:114-121.〕〔Haimi, S., Gorianc, G., Moimas, L., Lindroos, B., Huhtala, H., Räty, S., Kuokkanen, H., Sándor, G.K., Schmid, C., Miettinen, S. & Suuronen, R. (2009) 'Characterization of zinc-releasing three Dimensional bioactive glass scaffolds and their effect on human adipose stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation', Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 3122-3131.〕〔V. Aina, G. Lusvardi, G. Malavasi, L. Menabue, C. Morterra, Fluoride-containing bioactive glasses: surface reactivity in simulated body fluids, Acta Biomaterialia 5 (2009) 3548–3562.〕〔Zhang, J., Wang, M., Cha, JM. & Mantalaris, A. (2009). The incorporation of 70s bioactive glass to the osteogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stems cells in 3D bioreactors. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 3(1): 63-71.〕〔Gentleman, E., Fredholm, Y.C., Jell, G., Lotfibakhshaiesh, N., O'Donnell, M.D., Hill, R.G. & Stevens, M.M. (2010) 'The effects of strontium-substituted bioactive glasses on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro', Biomaterials, 31(14): 3949-3956.〕〔Watts SJ, Hill RG, O’Donnell MD, Law RV. Influence of magnesia on the structure and properties of bioactive glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 2010;356:517-24.〕 However, the influence of the composition on the properties and compatibility of bioactive and biodegradable glasses is not fully understood.
The scaffolds fabricated by melt quench technique have very less porosity which causes healing and defects in tissue integration during in-vivo testing.
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